INDOGENIUS

Literature Review on the Materials, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Suturing Training Tools in Health Education

Sulistia Nur, Etanaulia Marsim, Riki Ukhtul Fitri, Hartanto Prawibowo — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Suturing skills are a fundamental competency in both nursing and medical education. To support the mastery of this skill, effective, realistic, and pedagogically appropriate training tools are essential. Various materials have been employed to create suture training models; however, no single material has emerged as universally ideal or standardized globally. Aims: This review aims to identify the types of materials used in suturing training tools, evaluate their strengths and limitations, and assess their contribution to the global development of simulation-based training devices.

Method: This study is a literature review analyzing five recent and relevant scientific articles. The selection criteria included thematic relevance, publication year, and a focus on evaluating suture training tools or materials. Analysis was conducted using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Reports. This literature review highlights aspects such as material properties, advantages, disadvantages, and implications for educational practice.

Result: The review identified five primary categories of materials used in suture training tools: (1) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with silk fibers, (2) silicone pads and polyurethane foam, (3) porcine skin, sponges, and commercial pads, (4) improvised combinations such as citrus fruits and tea towels, and (5) synthetic polyurethane-based skin. Each material offers specific benefits, such as high realism, durability, or affordability. Nevertheless, all materials exhibit limitations, including ethical concerns, hygiene issues, and limited anatomical fidelity.

Conclusion: This literature review indicates that no single material fully satisfies all requirements for suturing training. A combined and contextual approach considering learning objectives, cost, and local availability emerges as a pragmatic alternative. The contribution of this review lies in strengthening the global research direction toward the development of accessible, inclusive, and adaptable medical simulation tools tailored to diverse healthcare education settings worldwide.

Zinc Oxide and Aloe Vera Gel Therapy Wound Care on Healing Diabetic Ulcers

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Diabetic ulcers are a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that are difficult to heal and carry a high risk of amputation. Wound healing in people with diabetes is often hampered by impaired circulation, neuropathy, and infection. Topical therapies such as zinc oxide cream And Aloe Vera gel They have been used to accelerate healing through different but complementary mechanisms. To determine the effectiveness of topical zinc oxide cream and aloe vera gel on the healing of diabetic ulcers based on recent research results.

Method: Using the literature review method by searching for articles in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar databases, Connected Papers, Research Gate and Research Square, with publications spanning 2015–2025. Of the 25 articles found, 7 met the inclusion criteria.

Result: Aloe Vera gel has been shown to be effective in accelerating the healing of diabetic ulcers by reducing wound assessment scores (Bates-Jensen, Winner Scale), increasing tissue regeneration, and shortening the inflammatory phase. Zinc Oxide cream has been shown to accelerate the transition from the inflammatory phase to the proliferative phase, protect wound tissue from bacterial colonization, and support collagen synthesis. Several preclinical studies combining Aloe Vera with Zinc Oxide nanoparticles have shown accelerated wound closure compared to single treatments. No serious side effects were found from the use of these two therapies.

Conclusion: Zinc oxide cream and aloe vera gel are both effective in accelerating the healing of diabetic ulcers through complementary mechanisms. Both are safe, accessible, and affordable, making them potentially useful adjuvant therapies in healthcare settings. Further research, including controlled clinical trials of a pure combination of the two therapies, is needed to confirm their effectiveness and safety.

Overview of Routine Blood Tests for Typhoid Fever Patients at Bendan Regional General Hospital, Pekalongan City

Devi Syakirotul Mahfudloh, Subur Wibowo — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease that remains a health problem in Indonesia due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. This disease is caused by Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi and can be diagnosed through routine blood tests. This study aims to determine the routine blood profile of typhoid fever patients at Bendan Regional General Hospital in Pekalongan City.

Method: This study used a descriptive design with a sample of 30 patients. Routine blood tests were performed using an automatic hematology analyzer.

Results: The results showed that 18 samples (60%) had normal leukocyte counts, 6 samples (20%) had high leukocyte counts, and 6 samples (20%) had low leukocyte counts. For monocytes, 22 samples (73.34%) were within normal levels, 7 samples (23.33%) showed high levels, and 1 sample (3.33%) showed low levels.

Conclusion: In general, routine blood tests showing white blood cell and monocyte counts in samples from typhoid fever patients at Bendan Regional General Hospital in Pekalongan City were within normal limits.

Overview of Cadmium Levels in the Blood of Smoking Gas Station Workers in Comal District, Pemalang Regency

Khusnul Khotimah, Izza Ratna Kumala — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & objectives: Cigarettes are addictive substances that contain harmful chemicals, such as nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, acetone, benzene, lead, and cadmium. Cadmium is a heavy metal contained in cigarettes that has a fairly high toxicity. Cadmium that enters the body will accumulate for a long time in the liver and kidneys. In the body, cadmium is absorbed into the bloodstream and then distributed to tissues, where it can bind to various types of molecules, such as proteins, phospholipids, purines, enzymes, and porphyrins. Gas station workers are frequently exposed to vehicle exhaust, which also contains cadmium, originating from vehicle activities such as fuel combustion and the erosion of vehicle components. This study aims to determine the cadmium levels in the blood of respondents who are smokers and work at gas stations in Comal District, Pemalang Regency.

Methods: This study is a descriptive study. Samples were taken using purposive sampling from a population of 17 people, with 9 respondents meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results: Blood sample testing using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) showed that two respondents had cadmium levels of 0.2 µg/dL or below the normal value according to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), while the other seven respondents had cadmium levels below the LOD (Limit of Detection) on the AAS device.

Conclusion: The cadmium levels were 100% within the normal range. The highest cadmium levels were found in samples S6 and S8, at 0.2 µg/dL.

Overview of Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Levels in Stunted Toddlers in the Kajen 1 Community Health Center Working Area

Laela Nurul Hidayah, Subur Wibowo — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objectives: Stunting is a condition in which a child's growth and development are disrupted due to prolonged malnutrition. Children who experience stunting are 2.7 times more likely to develop anemia. Common characteristics of anemia include decreased hemoglobin levels and decreased hematocrit (Ht) values. Malnutrition accompanied by anemia can lead to growth disorders, reduced cognitive and psychomotor function, and decreased immunity in children. This study aims to determine the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in stunted toddlers in the working area of the Kajen 1 Community Health Center.

Method: The type of research used was descriptive research, with sampling conducted using total purposive sampling. From a population of 27 toddlers, 18 samples of toddlers who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken.

Result: The results of hemoglobin level tests using the POCT method and hematocrit tests using the microhematocrit method showed hemoglobin levels above 11.0 g/dl in 100% of cases, normal hematocrit levels in 10 toddlers (56%), and low hematocrit levels in 8 toddlers (44%). with the lowest hematocrit level being 31% and the highest being 39%.

Conclusion: Hemoglobin levels in stunted toddlers in the Kajen 1 Community Health Center working area were all normal above 11.0 g/dl, hematocrit levels were normal in 10 toddlers, and hematocrit levels were low in 8 toddlers.

The Effect of Ergonomic Exercise on Blood Pressure Reduction in Hypertensive Patients at the South Tinggede Health Center in the Tinggede Community Health Center Working Area

Siti Rafika Abadi, Ahmil, Katrina Feby Lestari, Abdul Rahman — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective : Hypertension is one of the most common non-communicable diseases in society and is known as the “silent killer” because its symptoms often go unnoticed. Data shows that the prevalence of hypertension in Central Sulawesi is quite high. Non-pharmacological management such as ergonomic exercises is a potential alternative in lowering the blood pressure of patients with hypertension. This study aims to analyze the effect of ergonomic exercises on lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients at the Tinggede Selatan Health Center in the Tinggede Public Health Center working area.

Method: This study used a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 35 people with hypertension, selected using total sampling technique. The intervention, which was ergonomic exercises, was given twice a week for two weeks.

Result: Before the intervention, 21 respondents (60.0%) were in stage 1 hypertension, and after the intervention, there was a significant decrease in blood pressure in the prehypertension category in 21 respondents (60.0%). Statistical testing using the Wilcoxon test yielded a p-value of 0.000 (< 0.05).

Conclusion: Ergonomic exercises have been proven to have a significant effect in lowering blood pressure in people with hypertension.

Overview of Immature Reticulocyte Fraction (IRF) and Red Cell Distribution Width-Coefficient Variation (RDW-CV) in Patients with Hemoglobin Levels Below 8

Nurhayati, Bekti Mastiadji — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Anemia is a condition in which the number or volume of erythrocytes or red blood cells and hemoglobin (Hb) molecules in the body are reduced. This condition occurs when hemoglobin levels or hematocrit (Ht) values decrease. Anemia can occur due to several factors, such as iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, genetic factors, chronic diseases, intestinal worms, and bleeding. This study aims to determine the profile of immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) and red cell distribution width-coefficient variation (RDW-CV) in patients with hemoglobin levels below 8.

Method: This type of research is descriptive research, using purposive sampling with 30 respondents.

Result: The results of this study obtained IRF RDW values -CV of 15 with a percentage of (50%), normal IRF RDW-CV of 10 with a percentage of (33%), normal IRF RDW-CV of 2 with a percentage of (7%), high IRF RDW-CV of 2 with a percentage of (7%), and low IRF RDW-CV of 1 with a percentage of (3%).

Conclusion: The results showed that high IRF and high RDW-CV 15 with a percentage of 50% indicated a more active bone marrow response in producing new red blood cells in response to anemia and the presence of cell size differences known as anisocytosis.

Overview of High Fluorescence Ratio (HFR), Middle Fluorescence Ratio (MFR), Mean Cell Volume (MCV), and Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) in Patients with Hemoglobin Levels Below 8

Nurul Wahidah Lestari, Bekti Mastiadji — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Anemia occurs when a person has a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, with the threshold for anemia defined as hemoglobin levels below 12 g/dl. This condition is commonly found in medical practice, especially anemia caused by iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, chronic disease, or bleeding. This study aimed to describe the high fluorescence ratio (HFR), middle fluorescence ratio (MFR), mean cell volume (MCV), and mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) in patients with hemoglobin levels below 8.

Method: This was a descriptive study using purposive sampling, with a total of 30 respondents.

Result: The results showed that 9 patients (30%) had high HFR and MFR with normal MCV and MCH; 6 patients (20%) had normal HFR and MFR with normal MCV and MCH; 5 patients (17%) had high HFR and MFR with low MCV and MCH; 3 patients (10%) had high HFR, normal MFR, and low MCV and MCH; 2 patients (7%) had high HFR and MFR with normal MCV and low MCH; 2 patients (7%) had normal HFR and MFR with low MCV and normal MCH; 1 patient (3%) had normal HFR and MFR with low MCV and MCH; 1 patient (3%) had normal HFR, high MFR, with low MCV and normal MCH; and 1 patient (3%) had normal HFR, low MFR, and normal MCV and MCH.

Conclusion: This study indicates that most patients with severe anemia (Hb < 8) showed a relatively good regenerative response (as indicated by high HFR and MFR), although variations in anemia types were also observed based on MCV and MCH values, reflecting possible different causes and classifications of anemia.

Profile of Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent (Ret-He) and Red Cell Distribution Width Coefficient of Variation (RDW-CV) in Patients with Hemoglobin Levels Below 8

Putri Anjani Nafilah, Bekti Mastiadji — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Anemia is defined as a reduction in the concentration of hemoglobin within red blood cells (erythrocytes). It occurs when hemoglobin levels fall below 12 g/dL. Examination of Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent (Ret-He) and Red Cell Distribution Width Coefficient of Variation (RDW-CV) in patients with hemoglobin levels below 8 can assist in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions such as anemia and erythrocyte disorders. This study aimed to describe the Ret-He and RDW-CV profiles in patients with hemoglobin levels below 8 g/dL.

Method: This research employed a descriptive design with purposive sampling, involving 30 samples.

Result: The study revealed that among 30 samples, 1 patient (3%) had high Ret-He and high RDW-CV, 4 patients (13%) had normal Ret-He and high RDW-CV, 3 patients (10%) had low Ret-He and normal RDW-CV, 20 patients (67%) had low Ret-He and high RDW-CV, and 2 patients (7%) had normal Ret-He and normal RDW-CV.

Conclusion: The highest proportion, 20 patients (67%), showed low Ret-He and high RDW-CV. This finding indicates that the bone marrow response was less active, resulting in immature red blood cells lacking sufficient iron content, thereby limiting normal hemoglobin synthesis in reticulocytes. Furthermore, the presence of increased RDW-CV reflects anisocytosis, or variation in red blood cell size.

Profile of Erythrocyte Index Values in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis at Bendan Regional Hospital, Pekalongan City

Ismi Tri Qomariyah, Subur Wibowo — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Pulmonary tuberculosis (commonly known as TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. If not treated properly, this disease has the potential to cause various serious complications, even death. The objective of this study was to describe the erythrocyte index values in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis at Bendan Regional Hospital, Pekalongan City.

Method: This research used a descriptive approach involving 30 samples. Examination of erythrocyte indices was carried out using an automatic analyzer method.

Result: The results showed that 13 samples (43%) had microcytic hypochromic anemia, 9 samples (30%) had normocytic normochromic anemia, 5 samples (17%) had microcytic normochromic anemia, and 3 samples (10%) had normocytic hypochromic anemia.

Conclusion: Overall, the most common type of anemia found in TB patients at Bendan Regional Hospital, Pekalongan City was microcytic hypochromic anemia.

Profile of Urine Sediment Examination Results Among Tailors in Sidorejo Village, Comal Subdistrict, Pemalang Regency

Silviana Juliyanti, Agus Riyanto — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Urine sediment examination is used to detect abnormalities in the kidneys and urinary tract, as well as the severity of disease. Morning urine is preferred because it contains a higher concentration of sediments. For workers engaged in prolonged static activities, such as tailors, this test is important to identify potential health risks associated with occupational habits and unhealthy environments. Tailoring requires sitting for long periods to meet customer demands, increasing the risk of urinary tract stones (urolithiasis). This study aimed to describe the results of urine sediment examination among tailors in Sidorejo Village, Comal Subdistrict, Pemalang Regency.

Method: This descriptive study employed purposive sampling, with 30 respondents providing urine samples for sediment analysis.

Result: Of the 30 urine samples, 2 showed erythrocytes, 2 showed leukocytes, 27 showed squamous epithelial cells, 9 showed transitional epithelial cells, 14 showed calcium oxalate crystals, and 12 showed uric acid crystals.

Conclusion: Urine sediment examination among tailors in Sidorejo Village revealed the presence of erythrocytes, leukocytes, squamous epithelial cells, transitional epithelial cells, calcium oxalate crystals, and uric acid crystals. This highlights the importance of regular urine sediment testing for workers with static activities such as tailoring, as it may help in the early detection of potential health problems caused by occupational habits and poor working conditions.

Profile of Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Levels Among Adolescents with Alcohol Consumption in Pagerbarang District

Sulthan Jahya, Agus Riyanto — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Alcoholic Liver Disease is a liver disorder caused by excessive and long-term alcohol consumption. Alcoholic liver disease is divided into fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Liver damage can be influenced by many factors such as viruses, bacteria, drug toxicity, chemicals, and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. There is a direct relationship between the consumption of hard alcoholic beverages and mortality due to liver cirrhosis. Disruption of mechanisms in the liver can result in swelling with an increase in transaminase enzymes produced by the liver. This research aims to determine Gamma-GT levels in the serum/plasma samples of adolescent alcohol drinkers in Pagerbarang District.

Method: This type of research is descriptive research. This method uses total sampling with 30 samples as respondents.

Result: The results showed that the 30 research samples had an average respondent age of 15-20 years with a duration of alcohol consumption of 1-3 years. The research results found that all 30 samples had normal Gamma-GT levels.

Conclusion: Consuming alcoholic beverages in excessive volume and duration will cause liver damage due to the toxicity of the end products of alcohol metabolism, such as acetaldehyde and hydrogen ions.

Comparison of Hemoglobin Levels in Mothers Before and After Cesarean Section at Bendan Hospital, Pekalongan City

Aisah Fani Oktafiani, Subur Wibowo — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Cesarean section, or Sectio Caesarea, is a frequently used delivery method when vaginal birth is not possible or poses a risk to the mother and baby.

Method: The type of research conducted was comparative research, which aims to compare the hemoglobin levels in pregnant women before and after undergoing a cesarean section at Bendan Hospital. Hemoglobin level is a very important indicator for assessing maternal health status, particularly during and after the delivery process.

Result: The average hemoglobin level before cesarean delivery was known to be 11.7 g/dl, with a minimum level of 9.1 g/dl and a maximum level of 14.8 g/dl. Furthermore, the average hemoglobin level in pregnant women after cesarean delivery was 10.8 g/dl, with a minimum level of 7.7 g/dl and a maximum level of 13.2 g/dl.

Conclusion: Based on the parametric test (paired test), a sig value of 0.000 < 0.05 was obtained, meaning there is a statistically significant difference between the hemoglobin levels in pregnant women before and after delivering by cesarean section at Bendan Hospital.

Identification of Fungi on the Scalp of Male Santri Wearing Peci at the AI Islah Islamic Boarding School, Kebagusan, Ampelgading, Pemalang

Helmi Aji Pratama, Tuti Suparyati — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Fungal infections of the scalp, particularly tinea capitis, are a common health problem in environments with poor hygiene, such as Islamic boarding schools (pondok pesantren). This study aims to identify the types of fungi infecting the scalps of male santri who regularly wear the peci (a traditional cap) at the Al-Ikhlas Islamic Boarding School in Kebagusan, Ampelgading, Pemalang.

Method: The study used a descriptive method with a laboratory approach, involving culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium and microscopic examination for fungal identification.

Result: Out of 20 scalp scraping samples analyzed, 75% showed positive results for fungal infection. The most dominant fungus found was Aspergillus sp., while Candida sp. was found in only one sample (5%). No infections by Trichophyton or Microsporum were detected. Questionnaire results supported the laboratory findings, indicating that only 10.8% of santri regularly shampooed their hair, 13.5% washed their peci periodically, and 35.1% reported symptoms of scalp itching.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the habit of wearing the peci without proper hygiene maintenance can be a significant risk factor for scalp fungal infections. Therefore, preventive efforts through personal hygiene education and routine examinations are needed to reduce the incidence of fungal infections in the pesantren environment.

The Effectiveness of Slow Deep Breathing Innovation on Headache in Hypertensive Patients

Anggun Ayuni, Hardono — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective : Hypertension is an increase in blood pressure beyond normal limits, specifically above 140/90 mmHg. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of slow deep breathing relaxation technique on headache in hypertensive patients.

Method: This study utilized a case study methodology, focusing on an individual with hypertension at the RPDC of JEND. Ahmad Yani General Hospital, Metro. Data collection tools included a numerical scale and observation sheet. Analgesic administration was conducted after 7 hours of drug administration, carried out over 3 days, with each session lasting 10 minutes.

Result: On the first day, the client's pain score was 7 before the intervention and decreased to 6 after the intervention. On the second day, the score was 6 before the intervention and decreased to 4 after the intervention. On the third day, the score was 4 before the intervention and decreased to 2 after the intervention.

Conclusion: The results obtained by the author on the third day showed that the patient experienced a reduction in pain, with pain scores of 6 on the first day, 4 on the second day, and 2 on the third day. Additionally, the patient had understood how to perform slow deep breathing correctly.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Waiting Time for Compounded and Non-Compounded Prescription Services and BPJS Patient Satisfaction Levels at Community Health Centers (Puskesmas)

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective : This study aims to analyze the relationship between the waiting time for compounded and non-compounded prescription services and the satisfaction level of BPJS patients at the Ciamis Community Health Center (Puskesmas).

Method: The study employed an analytical survey method with a cross-sectional design. A total of 98 outpatients who met the inclusion criteria were sampled. The instruments used included a satisfaction questionnaire and a stopwatch to record waiting times. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a significance level of <0.05.

Result: The results showed that the waiting time for compounded prescriptions was 100% compliant with the standard, while for non-compounded prescriptions, it was 95.5% compliant. Patient satisfaction with compounded prescription services was 100%, and for non-compounded prescriptions, it was 98.9%. A significant relationship was found between prescription service waiting times and patient satisfaction levels, with a p-value of 0.041 (<0.05).

Conclusion: This study concludes that there is a significant relationship between waiting time and patient satisfaction levels at the Ciamis Community Health Center.

The Effectiveness of Red Onion Compresses in Reducing Joint Pain Intensity in Elderly Patients with Gout Arthritis

Ajeng Istiawati, Sutrisno, Anjas Alfi Irawan, Hernanda Rice — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Gout arthritis is a condition that occurs due to elevated uric acid levels in the blood beyond normal limits, commonly seen in the elderly, characterized by joint pain. Based on data from the Natar Elderly Care Home, there are 15 elderly individuals with gout arthritis experiencing joint pain. Pain associated with gout arthritis can be managed through pharmacological therapy, such as medication, as well as non-pharmacological therapy, one of which is red onion compresses. This non-pharmacological approach is considered safer and has fewer side effects, particularly for the elderly. This study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of red onion compresses in reducing joint pain in elderly individuals with gout arthritis at the Natar Elderly Care Home.

Method: The method used in this study is a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental design, specifically a single-group pre-post test. The sample consists of 15 elderly individuals selected using purposive sampling. Pain levels were measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test.

Result: Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between pre- and post-application pain levels. This indicates that the intervention is effective in reducing joint pain in elderly gout patients.

Conclusion: The application of red onion compresses has been proven effective as a non-pharmacological therapy for managing joint pain in elderly individuals with gouty arthritis. It is hoped that this intervention can be implemented sustainably at the Natar Elderly Care Home as an alternative pain management option for the elderly.

Identification of Toxoplasma Gondii in The Feces of Domestic Cats in Watukumpul Village, Watukumpul District, Pemalang Regency

Abdul Ghofur, Ivan Wahyu Juniawan — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Cats can transmit toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted from animals to humans and has serious consequences, especially for pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems. The sedimentation method is one way to detect the presence of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in feces by using a solution with a lower specific gravity than the oocysts and utilizing centrifugal force, causing the parasites to settle at the bottom. This study aims to determine whether Toxoplasma gondii is present in the feces of domestic cats in Watukumpul Village, thereby providing useful information for the prevention and control of toxoplasmosis.

Method: This study is a descriptive study, where the researcher identifies the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cat feces that can cause toxoplasmosis.

Result: The results of Toxoplasma gondii identification using the sedimentation method on 12 samples of domestic cat feces in Watukumpul Village were all negative (100%).

Conclusion: Therefore, based on the results of the identification of Toxoplasma gondii in 12 samples of domestic cat feces in Watukumpul Village, it can be concluded that all (100%) were not infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

Evaluation and Follow-up of Internal Quality Control of Total Bilirubin Testing at RSIA “X”

Mina Rahmawati A, Sonny Feisal Rinaldi, Ani Riyani, Nani Kurnaeni — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: A decrease in the sigma value of laboratory test parameters requires a comprehensive evaluation to identify the causes of instability and establish improvement strategies through internal quality control.

Method: The research method is a descriptive study involving analysis of the Quality Goal Index (QGI), information collection through interviews, identification of causal factors using the Root Cause Analysis (RCA) approach, and the development of corrective and preventive action lists.

Result: The cause of the decrease in sigma values in total bilirubin testing was found to be the reconstitution process of control materials that were not dissolved in low light conditions, resulting in decreased stability and sigma values in total bilirubin testing. This was due to the relocation of the laboratory to a new room with many light sources. The corrective action to be taken is to improve and add SPO for the dilution of quality control materials, which must be done in low light conditions. The preventive action taken is to ensure that SPO is implemented properly, as a way to minimize light absorption by covering the control material storage with aluminum foil.

Conclusion: The results indicate that the decrease in sigma in total bilirubin testing is due to light exposure. A comprehensive system improvement is necessary to prevent further decreases in sigma values in total bilirubin testing.

The Application of Autogenic Relaxation Techniques in Elderly People with Type II Diabetes Mellitus to Stabilize Blood Glucose Levels

Ergi Dwi Aprilia, Dwi Antika, Sutrisno, Hernanda Rice — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Diabetes (DM) is a type of metabolic disorder caused by abnormal insulin production, insulin performance, or a combination of both, characterized by elevated blood sugar levels. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of autogenic relaxation techniques on elderly people with type 2 diabetes.

Method: This study employed a single-group pretest-posttest design in a quasi-experimental setting. The study included 15 participants with diabetes mellitus, selected using purposive sampling. The case study was conducted from April 25 to 27, 2025, over three sessions of 15 minutes each. Blood sugar levels were measured using a glucometer before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using a paired t-test to compare average blood sugar levels before and after the autogenic relaxation technique.

Result: Before and after the intervention, the average blood sugar levels were 257 mg/dl and 234 mg/dl, respectively. The average age of the respondents was 70 years, and they had been living with diabetes mellitus for more than five years. Before and after the autogenic relaxation intervention, blood sugar levels changed with a p-value of 0.000 based on the paired t-test.

Conclusion: Autogenic relaxation can lower blood glucose levels.

The Effect of Breast Self-Examination Health Education on Knowledge and Motivation to Perform Breast Self-Examination in Adolescent Females at The SMAN 2 Way Tenong

Juwita Desri Ayu, Diana Anggraini, Nopi Anggista Putri, Wulan Dari — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: In Indonesia, the number of breast cancer patients is estimated to increase by around 65,000 new cases each year, with 70% of new cancer patients visiting the doctor at the final stage. One of the causes of the high number of breast cancer cases is a lack of knowledge, motivation, and desire to undergo early detection examinations. SADARI is a self-breast examination to detect any abnormalities in the breasts. This study aims to determine the effect of health education about SADARI on knowledge and motivation to perform SADARI among female adolescents at SMAN 2 Way Tenong.

Method: This study is a pre-experimental study using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population consists of 31 female adolescents at SMAN 2 Way Tenong. The sample used is 31 female adolescents at SMAN 2 Way Tenong. The sampling technique used is total sampling. The instrument used was a questionnaire, and the study was conducted on November 13, 2024, with data analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.

Result: The average knowledge about SADARI before the intervention was 48.3% (low knowledge), while the average after the intervention was 91.1% (good knowledge). The average motivation to perform SADARI before was 32.9% (low motivation), while the average after was 90.5% (high motivation). There was an effect of SADARI health education on knowledge with a p-value of 0.000 > 0.05.

Conclusion: There is an effect of SADARI health education on motivation to perform SADARI, with a p-value of 0.000 > 0.05. It is hoped that this research can provide information about SADARI to adolescent girls, serve as a reference for education and counseling for high schools and health workers, become a source of publication and literature, and be used as a reference for Aisyah Pringsewu University.

An Overview of Erithocyt Index among Stroke Patients In Kraton Regional Hospital, Pekalongan

Subur Wibowo, Anggun Agustina Lestari — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Stroke is a serious health condition that requires immediate treatment. It occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted due to blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain, resulting in cell death in certain areas of the brain. This study aims to determine the erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) in stroke patients.

Method: The study design was descriptive, with a sample size of 24 participants. Total sampling was used for sample selection. The study was conducted at the inpatient ward of Kraton District General Hospital, Pekalongan Regency, from January to February 2025. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and analytical methods, presented in tables and narrated.

Result: The study results showed that MCV levels were normal (80.00 μL/mL – 100.00 μL/mL) in all 24 samples (100%), with an average value of 85.32 μL/mL. The majority of MCH levels showed normal results (27.00 pg – 31.00 pg) in 18 samples (75%), 3 samples (12.5%) with low values, and 3 (12.5%) samples with high values, with an average value of 34.32 pg. The majority of MCHC levels showed normal results (30.00–35.00 g/dL) in 15 samples (62.5%), 9 samples had high values, and there were no low results, with an average value of 29.2 g/dL.

Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the average results of MCV, MCH, and MCHC in the respondents were normal.

The Effect of Early Marriage E-Booklet Education on the Knowledge and Attitudes of Teenagers at SMA Negeri 5 Palu

Ni Komang Mariasih, Ahmil, Maharani Farah Dhifa Dg Masikki, Surianto — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Statistical agency data shows that Indonesia in the 10th ranks of child marriages in the world, about 1,220,900 children. Some factors that contribute toward increasing in early marriage include knowledge and attitudes of adolescents. So, the prevention through education is important that can be achieved through digitalization approaches such as e-booklets.

Method: This type of quantitative research by using pre-experimental design with pre-test and post-test in one group pretest-postest design. The ttal of population in the study was 333 students in class X (ten). The total of sample was 34 students that taken only 10% of the population. The sampling technique used stratified random sampling technique.

Result: The results showed that there was a significant increase in adolescent knowledge after receiving e-booklet education about early marriage, which the Wilcoxon statistical test results obtained a p-value = 0.000 < α = 0.05 and the results showed that there was a significant increase in adolescent attitudes after receiving e-booklet education about early marriage, which the Wilcoxon statistical test results obtained a p-value = 0.000 < α = 0.05.

Conclusion: There is an impact of early marriage e-booklet education toward the knowledge and attitude of adolescents at SMA Negeri 5 Palu.

Blood Type Profile in Relation to the Prevalence of Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus at Kraton Regional General Hospital, Pekalongan Regency

Subur Wibowo, Asti Safanah — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Diabetes mellitus is one of the chronic metabolic diseases whose prevalence continues to increase in Indonesia and is the third leading cause of death in the country. The main disorder in diabetes is carbohydrate metabolism, which causes chronic hyperglycemia and poses a risk of complications in various organs of the body, such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. In addition to genetic factors and lifestyle, several studies have shown an association between ABO blood type and the tendency to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aims to determine the distribution of blood types in relation to the tendency for metabolic diabetes mellitus at Kraton District General Hospital in Pekalongan.

Method: This study used a descriptive design with 35 samples collected through total sampling among diabetes mellitus patients at Kraton District General Hospital in Pekalongan. Blood type testing was conducted using the slide method.

Result: The results showed that blood type B had the highest percentage (40%), followed by blood type A (28.57%), blood type O (20%), and blood type AB (11.43%).

Conclusion: It can be concluded that blood type B has a high percentage (40%) compared to other blood types. This indicates that blood type B is more dominant among diabetes mellitus patients in the sample at Kraton District General Hospital, Pekalongan.

Identification of Candida Sp. Fungi in the Urine of Inpatient Surgical Patients Using Catheters at Bendan Regional General Hospital, Pekalongan City

Jingga Aulia Nada, Agus Riyanto — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: andiduria is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by Candida sp. that indicates contamination, colonization, or infection that can be life-threatening and even fatal. This disease often affects hospitalized patients, especially those with severe underlying conditions. Patients at high risk of Candida sp. infection include those with compromised immune systems, often due to invasive procedures received during treatment. This study aims to determine the presence of Candida sp. in urine samples from surgical inpatients using catheters at Bendan General Hospital in Pekalongan City.

Method: This study is a descriptive study using total sampling with 14 respondents.

Result: Macroskopically, 5 samples tested positive for Candida sp. fungi, characterized by white-yellowish colonies, a slightly acidic odor, yeast-like colony shape, and a moist, convex colony surface. Following this, LPCB staining was performed on the 5 samples that were macroscopically positive for Candida sp. fungi. The positive samples were confirmed through microscopic observation using LPCB staining, showing oval-shaped yeast cells (blastospores) with a predominantly white color and a slight bluish tint.

Conclusion: People who use catheters often forget to maintain hygiene to keep the pH stable, thereby minimizing the excessive growth of Candida sp. fungi. Risk factors that can lead to the presence of Candida sp. in the urine of catheter users, as identified in this study, include the foods and beverages consumed, medications taken, gender, humidity around the catheter area, and the duration of catheter use, all of which can influence the growth of Candida sp. fungi.

Overview of Erythrocyte Index Values in Pregnant Women with Anemia at Kraton Regional General Hospital, Pekalongan Regency

Amelia Rohali, Subur Wibowo — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: The erythrocyte index is the average value or corpuscular value. The erythrocyte index value includes the average erythrocyte volume obtained from the MCV value. The average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes can be seen from the MCH, while the average hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes is determined by the MCHC value. The erythrocyte index in pregnant women with anemia shows a decrease in MCV during the early stages of iron deficiency. The severity of anemia increases if the Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) also decreases. This study aims to determine the profile of erythrocyte indices in pregnant women with anemia.

Method: This study is a descriptive studyusing total sampling with 30 respondents.

Result: The study obtained 17 erythrocyte index values with a percentage (56.67%) indicating hypochromic microcytic anemia, and 13 erythrocyte index values with a percentage of (43.33%) indicating normochromic normocytic anemia.

Conclusion: The results of the study on erythrocyte index profiles in pregnant women with anemia at Kraton General Hospital, Pekalongan Regency, revealed 17 samples (56.67%) with hypochromic microcytic anemia, meaning the erythrocytes are small in size and pale in color. Additionally, 13 samples (43.33%) were found to have normochromic normocytic anemia, meaning they have normal size and color.

Differences in Blood Glucose Levels Between POCT (Point of Care Testing) and Spectrophotometer Methods

Fitri Yatun Khasanah, Suparyati — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Blood glucose is a sugar found in the blood that is formed from carbohydrates in food and stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Glucose is one of the important carbohydrates used as the main source of energy in the body. Blood glucose test results exceeding the normal level of 200 mg/dl may indicate that a person has diabetes mellitus. This study aims to determine the difference in blood glucose levels between the POCT method and the spectrophotometer.

Method: The study design is analytical, using random sampling with 30 participants, and statistical analysis was performed using the Paired T-Test and Wilcoxon test.

Result: The results of this study using the Paired T-Test showed that POCT data is normally distributed (sig value = 0.208 > 0.05), while spectrophotometer data is not normally distributed (sig value = 0.003 < 0.05). Meanwhile, the Wilcoxon test yielded a sig value of 0.000 < 0.05.

Conclusion: The results of blood glucose level measurements using the POCT method showed an average value of 128.83 mg/dl, while the spectrophotometer results showed an average value of 88.07 mg/dl. Based on the statistical test results, the sig value was 0.000 (p<0.5), meaning H0 was rejected. This means that the difference between the two measurement methods is statistically significant.

Overview of Fungi in the Sputum of Pneumonia Patients at Bendan Regional General Hospital, Pekalongan City

Vadia Dwi Melinda, Agus Riyanto — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Pneumonia remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed patients. In addition to being caused by bacteria and viruses, fungal infections can also exacerbate a patient's condition, but they are often overlooked because they are not always the primary focus of laboratory testing. This study aims to describe the morphology of fungi in the sputum of pneumonia patients at Bendan General Hospital in Pekalongan City as initial data that can be used to support earlier diagnosis of fungal infections.

Method: This study is descriptive in nature, using direct microscopic examination with three methods: Gram staining, Lactophenol Cotton Blue (LPCB), and 10% Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). Sputum samples were collected purposively from pneumonia patients and examined at the AAK Pekalongan Microbiology Laboratory.

Result: Out of 26 samples, 17 were positive for fungi (65.4%) using the Gram and LPCB methods. The KOH method showed 5 positive samples (19.2%). The fungal morphology observed included yeast cells (blastospores) and branched hyphae, consistent with the characteristics of fungi from the genus Candida spp.

Conclusion: Microscopic examination using Gram and LPCB methods provided a more easily observable descriptive morphology of fungi, such as yeast cells and branched hyphae. Meanwhile, the KOH method yielded lower results (19.2%), possibly due to limitations in preparation techniques or the nature of the reagents, which did not clearly display fungal structures as effectively as other methods using additional stains. These findings emphasize the importance of direct microscopic examination as an initial step that can help identify the presence of opportunistic fungi in pneumonia patients and support clinical diagnosis considerations in the laboratory.

Comparison of Hematocrit Values Using the Microhematocrit Method and the Automatic Hematology Analyzer

Suparyati, Delia Maharani Putri — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocyte volume in blood that is important for assessing health status, especially in relation to oxygen transport capacity. Hematocrit tests can be performed manually (microhematocrit) or automatically (hematology analyzer). Differences in the working principles of the two methods can cause variations in results. This study aims to determine the difference in hematocrit values using the microhematocrit method and the automatic hematology analyzer.

Method: This study is analytical in nature with a quantitative approach, using 30 venous blood samples from outpatients at Kraton Pekalongan Regional General Hospital. The examination was performed using the microhematocrit method and the automatic hematology analyzer. The data were analyzed using normality tests and Paired Sample T-Tests using SPSS.

Result: The average hematocrit value using the manual microhematocrit method was 33.33%, while the average value using the automatic hematology analyzer was 32.41%. The statistical test results showed a significant value of 0.075 (P> 0.05), indicating that there was no significant difference between the two methods.

Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the hematocrit values obtained by the microhematocrit method and the automatic hematology analyzer. Both methods can be used interchangeably depending on the availability of equipment and clinical needs.

Fulfillment of Family Needs Toward Family Satisfaction During Care in the Intensive Care Unit

Aulia Salsabila Sakanti, Adiratna Sekar Siwi, Indah Susanti — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: The family of patients treated in the intensive care unit often experiences anxiety and uncertainty, making it important to pay attention not only to the patients but also to their families. Meeting the needs of the patient's family is an important factor in increasing their satisfaction with health services. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the fulfillment of family needs and family satisfaction during treatment in the intensive care unit.

Method: This research used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study was family members of patients treated in the intensive care unit at RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo. A total of 83 participants were selected using accidental sampling. The research instruments used were a questionnaire to assess the fulfillment of family needs and a questionnaire to measure family satisfaction. Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test, and the results were presented in the form of frequency distributions and percentage tables.

Result: The results showed that most respondents, amounting to 92.8%, felt that their needs were fulfilled, and 88.0% were satisfied with the services provided in the intensive care unit. Statistical tests showed a positive and significant relationship between the fulfillment of family needs and family satisfaction, with a significance value of 0.008.

Conclusion: The better the fulfillment of family needs during treatment in the intensive care unit, the higher the level of family satisfaction. Hospitals are expected to continuously improve service quality by enhancing communication, emotional support, and involving families in patient care.

The Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Reducing Depression Levels in the Elderly in Workplaces Muslim Elderly Home

Saka Adhijaya Pendit, Dayuningsih, Anissa Dwi febriana — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Depression can arise due to increased stress factors and reduced adaptability in older adults. Its effects include decreased appetite, weight loss, digestive problems, and sleep disorders. On the other hand, the psychological effects that can be caused by depression include the risk of suicide. Progressive muscle relaxation therapy is carried out in stages. This helps reduce muscle tension caused by depression, so that the body becomes relaxed and the mind calm. ROP therapy activates the parasympathetic nervous system and regulates the hypothalamus to reduce stress signals, thereby reducing stress levels in the elderly, especially those experiencing depression. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation in reducing depression levels in elderly people in the Muslim Nursing Home Work Area.

Method: The research design was quasi-experimental, using a pre-post test single group design with a sample size of 15 respondents and purposive sampling according to the inclusion criteria. Depression levels were measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) instrument. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test.

Result: The results showed that progressive muscle relaxation therapy was effective in reducing depression levels in the elderly with a p-value (0.002) < p-value (0.05). This means that progressive muscle relaxation therapy is effective in reducing depression levels in the elderly in the Muslim Nursing Home Work Area.

Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, progressive muscle relaxation therapy is more effective in helping to reduce depression levels in the elderly. Progressive muscle relaxation therapy is beneficial for reducing depression in the elderly and is recommended as a non-pharmacological nursing therapy.

Relationship Between Sodium Consumption Patterns and Hypertension Incidents in the Elderly in the Work Area of the Wirang Public Health Center

Erma Wiliani, Rian Tasalim, Latifah, Angga Irawan — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Hypertension is a common health issue among the elderly, with prevalence increasing as age advances. According to the WHO, approximately 1.13 billion people worldwide suffer from hypertension, with the elderly being the most vulnerable group. Poor hypertension management can lead to serious complications such as stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Medication adherence is crucial in preventing such complications. However, elderly individuals with low educational attainment often struggle to understand medical instructions and the importance of consistent medication use. This study aims to analyze the relationship between education level and adherence to hypertension treatment among the elderly in the working area of Puskesmas Datah Kotou, Puruk Cahu.

Method: This study used a quantitative research design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 30 elderly individuals diagnosed with hypertension. Data were collected using a questionnaire measuring education level and adherence, assessed through the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the data.

Result: A total of 83.3% of respondents had a low level of education (elementary school), and 63.3% showed low adherence to treatment. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between education level and treatment adherence, with a correlation coefficient of 0.691 and a p-value of 0.000.

Conclusion: The study concludes that education level significantly affects the adherence of elderly individuals to hypertension treatment, highlighting the need for more effective health education interventions.

Overview of Physical Activity in Elderly People with Hypertension in Ngemplak District, Boyolali Regency

Annisa Rosie Nirmala, Eska Dwi Prajayanti — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Older adults experience physiological changes, including in the cardiovascular system, which can potentially cause hypertension. In Central Java Province, the prevalence of older adults reaches 15.46%, while in Boyolali District there are 14.83% or 160,188 people aged over 60 years. Physical activity plays an important role in controlling blood pressure and preventing complications of hypertension, but many elderly people have low to moderate levels of physical activity. This study aims to describe the level of physical activity in elderly people with hypertension in Ngemplak Subdistrict, Boyolali Regency.

Method: A quantitative descriptive method was used with 92 elderly respondents selected using accidental sampling. The research instrument was the GPAQ (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire) from the WHO. Data collection was conducted on June 9, 2025, in the Ngemplak Community Health Center working area.

Result: The results showed that 52.17% of respondents had a moderate level of activity, 31.52% had a light level, and 16.30% had a heavy level.

Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the majority of elderly people with hypertension in the area have moderate physical activity. These findings are expected to be a reference for health workers in designing promotion and education programs, as well as motivating the elderly to increase regular physical activity to prevent worsening hypertension.

Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Their Association with Hypertension Treatment Adherence in the Elderly

Amelia Susanti, Rian Tasalim, Ahmad Syahlani — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Hypertension is a major health problem in the elderly and is closely linked to increased morbidity and mortality. Poor adherence to antihypertensive medication remains a challenge, particularly in developing countries. Psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, and stress may further reduce adherence. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between psychological conditions and treatment adherence among elderly hypertensive patients at the Geriatric Clinic of Ulin Regional General Hospital, Banjarmasin.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical survey was conducted from March to July 2025 involving 85 elderly patients diagnosed with hypertension. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Adherence was measured using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), while depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results: The findings showed that 50.6% of respondents experienced moderate depression, 54.1% severe anxiety, and 42.4% moderate stress. Most respondents (60%) demonstrated low adherence to antihypertensive treatment. Statistical analysis indicated a significant association between psychological conditions and adherence (p = 0.000).

Conclusion: Depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly associated with poor adherence. Integrating psychological support into hypertension management may improve adherence and reduce complications in the elderly.

Description of Erythrocyte Index Values in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at Bendan Hospital, Pekalongan City

Arina Fadhila, Subur Wibowo — Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Background & Objective: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by the gradual and permanent decline of kidney function, which can lead to various complications, including anemia. Anemia in CKD patients is generally caused by reduced production of the hormone erythropoietin, iron deficiency, and the shortened lifespan of red blood cells due to the hemodialysis process. Erythrocyte index parameters, such as MCV, MCH, and MCHC, play a crucial role in determining the type of anemia in CKD patients.

Method: This study used a descriptive design with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 30 CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis, selected using total sampling technique. Erythrocyte indices were examined automatically using a hematology analyzer. The data were analyzed and presented in the form of a frequency distribution table.

Result: The examination results showed that the most dominant type of anemia was normochromic normocytic anemia (47%), followed by hypochromic microcytic anemia (37%), normochromic microcytic anemia (10%), and hypochromic normocytic anemia (6%). The average patient hemoglobin level was 8.4 g/dL and the average erythrocyte count was 2.7 million/µL

Conclusion: The majority of CKD patients at Bendan Hospital, Pekalongan City, experience normochromic normocytic anemia. This finding highlights the importance of regular monitoring of erythrocyte indices to support the diagnosis and management of anemia in CKD patients.